One such change was the development of the bodhisattva cult, part of a series of changes that led to the emergence of the Mahayana branch of Buddhism. Whereas, after attaining enlightenment a buddha transcends mortal concerns and the cycle of reincarnation, a bodhisattva--although as spiritually advanced--vows to help all sentient beings become enlightened and chooses to remain accessible to the devout in their daily lives. Worship of bodhisattvas and the belief in multiple buddhas of the past, present, and future ages are among the main elements that distinguish Mahayana, the "Great Vehicle," from the more austere branch of Buddhism based on an earlier group of scriptures and known as the Theravada, or "Way of the Elders," which emphasizes the Historical Buddha rather than a complex pantheon.

This bronze sculpture represents Manjushri, the oldest bodhisattva and as popular as Avalokiteshvara in the Buddhist pantheon. Unlike stone sculptures, which were used in public settings, small bronze images such as this one were intended primarily for personal devotion in monasteries and homes. Details such as the flower-shaped ties used for Manjushri's crown date the sculpture to the mid-11th century. Often depicted as a youth, Manjushri is the Bodhisattva of Wisdom and symbolizes the transcendent understanding and knowledge that are required to attain enlightenment. He is identified by a small book (a manuscript of the Prajnaparamitasutras [Perfection of Wisdom Sutras]), placed on the lotus that he holds in his left hand, as well as by the lion that he rides and a sword. Although the sword is missing in this piece, it is a common attribute of Manjushri and symbolizes the destruction of ignorance. Manjushri is seated in the posture of relaxation (lalitasana), a pose often seen in Pala-period images of princely bodhisattvas, probably to symbolize their activity and accessibility.